Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder is a condition that significantly impacts the quality of life. This pathology is characterised by a sudden and frequent urge to urinate, often accompanied by episodes of incontinence. This clinical picture results from an involuntary contraction of the bladder muscle, even when the bladder is not completely full, causing discomfort and interfering with daily activities.

The causes of overactive bladder can be multifactorial. Among the known factors, neurological changes, conditions affecting the muscles or nerves of the bladder, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes are particularly notable. Ageing is also a risk factor, as it can contribute to a loss of tissue elasticity and a reduction in muscle control.

The most common symptoms include the frequent need to urinate, often more than eight times a day, as well as a significant increase in the number of times one wakes up to empty the bladder (nocturia). In more severe cases, urinary incontinence may occur, which is the involuntary loss of urine, an embarrassing and socially limiting condition.

The diagnosis is based on the patient’s description of symptoms. However, complementary exams such as urodynamic studies may be necessary to assess the function of the bladder. Other tests, such as urine analysis or ultrasound scans, help to rule out underlying causes like infections or kidney stones.

The treatment of overactive bladder is personalised and may include lifestyle changes, behavioural therapies, medications, and, in specific cases, surgical interventions. Initial strategies include bladder retraining, techniques to increase the interval between urinations, and pelvic floor strengthening through exercises like Kegel exercises.

Anticholinergic medications and beta-3 adrenergic agonists are frequently prescribed to reduce the overactivity of the muscle.